Therefore, it is critical to better understand people’s ability to accurately identify fake from original images. This reliance applies to almost all digital images, from those that are used as evidence in the courtroom to those that we see every day in newspapers and magazines. The importance of this question becomes evident when considering that, more often than not, in today’s society we still rely on people to make judgments about image authenticity. Currently, however, scientists know very little about people’s ability to distinguish between original and fake images-the question of whether people can identify when images have been manipulated and what has been manipulated in the images of real-world scenes remains unanswered. The rise of photo manipulation has consequences across almost all domains, from law enforcement and national security through to scientific publishing, politics, media, and advertising. In the digital age, the availability of powerful, low-cost editing software means that the creation of visually compelling photographic fakes is growing at an incredible speed-we live in a world where nearly anyone can create and share a fake image. The results have implications for professionals working with digital images in legal, media, and other domains. Taken together, our findings show, for the first time, that people have poor ability to identify whether a real-world image is original or has been manipulated. We also explored whether manipulation type and individual differences were associated with people’s ability to identify manipulations. People’s ability to detect manipulated images was positively correlated with the extent of disruption to the underlying structure of the pixels in the photo. Furthermore, across both experiments, even when subjects correctly detected manipulated images, they were often unable to locate the manipulation. Subjects demonstrated a limited ability to detect original and manipulated images. In two experiments we asked people to detect and locate manipulations within images of real-world scenes. We do not know, however, whether such limitations also apply to real-world scenes that contain common properties that the human visual system is attuned to processing. The prevalence of manipulated photos in our everyday lives invites an important, yet largely unanswered, question: Can people detect photo forgeries? Previous research using simple computer-generated stimuli suggests people are poor at detecting geometrical inconsistencies within a scene. Advances in digital technology mean that the creation of visually compelling photographic fakes is growing at an incredible speed.
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